About the Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda

About the Chilean Poet Pablo Neruda Pablo Neruda (1904-1973) was known as a poet and emissary of the Chilean people. During a time of social upheaval, he traveled the world as a diplomat and an exile, served as a Senator for the Chilean Communist Party, and published more than 35,000 pages of poetry in his native Spanish. In 1971, Neruda won the Nobel Prize for Literature, for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continents destiny and dreams. Nerudas words and politics were forever intertwined, and his activism may have led to his death. Recent forensic tests have stirred speculation that Neruda was murdered.   Early Life in Poetry Pablo Neruda is the pen name of Ricardo Eliezer Neftali Reyes y Basoalto. He was born in Parral, Chile on July 12, 1904. While he was still an infant, Nerudas mother died of tuberculosis. He grew up in the remote town of Temuco with a stepmother, a half-brother, and a half-sister. From his earliest years, Neruda experimented with language. In his teens, he began publishing poems and articles in school magazines and local newspapers. His father disapproved, so the teenager decided to publish under a pseudonym. Why Pablo Neruda? Later, he speculated that hed been inspired by Czech writer Jan Neruda. In his Memoirs, Neruda praised the poet Gabriela Mistral for helping him discover his voice as a writer. A teacher and headmistress of a girls school near Temuco, Mistral took an interest in the talented youth. She introduced Neruda to Russian literature and stirred his interest in social causes. Both Neruda and his mentor eventually became Nobel Laureates, Mistral in 1945 and Neruda twenty-six years later. After high school, Neruda moved to the capital city of Santiago and enrolled in the University of Chile. He planned to become a French teacher, as his father wished. Instead, Neruda strolled the streets in a black cape and wrote passionate, melancholy poems inspired by French symbolist literature. His father stopped sending him money, so the teenaged Neruda sold his belongings to self-publish his first book, Crepusculario (Twilight). At age 20, he completed and found a publisher for the book that would make him famous, Veinte poemas de amor y una cancion desesperada (Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair).  Rhapsodic and sorrowful, the books poems mingled adolescent thoughts of love and sex with descriptions of the Chilean wilderness. There was thirst and hunger, and you were the fruit. / There were grief and ruin, and you were the miracle, Neruda wrote in the concluding poem, A Song of Despair. Diplomat and Poet Like most Latin American countries, Chile customarily honored their poets with diplomatic posts. At age 23, Pablo Neruda became an honorary consul in Burma, now Myanmar, in Southeast Asia. Over the next decade, his assignments took him to many places, including Buenos Aires, Sri Lanka, Java, Singapore, Barcelona, and Madrid. While in South Asia, he experimented with surrealism and began writing Residencia en la tierra   (Residence on Earth). Published in 1933, this was the first of a three-volume work that described the social upheaval and human suffering Neruda witnessed during his years of diplomatic travel and social activism. Residencia was, he said in his Memoirs, a dark and gloomy but essential book within my work. The third volume in Residencia, the 1937 Espaà ±a en el corazà ³n (Spain in our Hearts), was Nerudas strident response to the atrocities of the Spanish Civil War, the rise of fascism, and the political execution of his friend, the Spanish poet Federico Garcà ­a Lorca in 1936. In the nights of Spain, Neruda wrote in the poem Tradition, through the old gardens, / tradition, covered with dead snot, / spouting pus and pestilence, strolled / with its tail in the fog, ghostly and fantastic. The political leanings expressed in Espaà ±a en el corazà ³n cost Neruda his consular post in Madrid, Spain. He moved to Paris, founded a literary magazine, and helped the refugees who glutted the road out of Spain. After a stint as Consul-General in Mexico City, the poet returned to Chile. He joined the Communist Party, and, in 1945, was elected to the Chilean Senate. Nerudas rousing ballad Canto a Stalingrado (Song to Stalingrad) voiced a cry of love to Stalingrad. His pro-Communist poems and rhetoric stirred outrage with the Chilean President, who had renounced Communism for a more political alignment with the United States. Neruda continued to defend Joseph Stalins Soviet Union and the working class of his own homeland, but it was Nerudas scathing 1948 Yo acuso (I Accuse) speech that finally provoked the Chilean government to take action against him. Facing arrest, Neruda spent a year in hiding, and then in 1949 fled on horseback over the Andes Mountains into Buenos Aires, Argentina. Dramatic Exile The poets dramatic escape became the subject of the film Neruda (2016) by Chilean director Pablo Larraà ­n. Part history, part fantasy, the film follows a fictional Neruda as he dodges a fascist investigator and smuggles revolutionary poems to peasants who memorize passages. One part of this romantic re-imagining is true. While in hiding, Pablo Neruda completed his most ambitious project, Canto General (General Song). Composed of more than 15,000 lines, Canto General is both a sweeping history of the Western hemisphere and an ode to the common man. What were humans? Neruda asks. In what part of their unguarded conversations / in department stores and among sirens, in which of their metallic movements / did what in life is indestructible and imperishable live? Return to Chile Pablo Nerudas return to Chile in 1953 marked a transition away from political poetry- for a short time. Writing in green ink (reportedly his favorite color), Neruda composed soulful poems about love, nature, and daily life. I could live or not live; it does not matter / to be one stone more, the dark stone, / the pure stone which the river bears away, Neruda wrote in Oh Earth, Wait for Me. Nevertheless, the passionate poet remained consumed by Communism and social causes. He gave public readings and never spoke out against Stalins war crimes. Nerudas 1969 book-length poem Fin de Mundo (World’s End) includes a defiant statement against the US role in Vietnam: Why were they compelled to kill / innocents so far from home, / while the crimes pour cream / into the pockets of Chicago? / Why go so far to kill / Why go so far to die? In 1970, the Chilean Communist party nominated the poet/diplomat for president, but he withdrew from the campaign after reaching an agreement with the Marxist candidate Salvador Allende, who ultimately won the close election. Neruda, at the height of his literary career, was serving as Chiles ambassador in Paris, France, when he received the 1971 Nobel Prize for Literature. Personal Life Pablo Neruda lived a life of whats been called passionate engagement by the Los Angeles Times. For Neruda, poetry meant much more than the expression of emotion and personality, they write. It was a sacred way of being and came with duties. His was also a life of surprising contradictions. Although his poetry was musical, Neruda claimed that his ear could never recognize any but the most obvious melodies, and even then, only with difficulty.  He chronicled atrocities, yet he had a sense of fun. Neruda collected hats and liked to dress up for parties. He enjoyed cooking and wine. Enamored by the ocean, he filled his three homes in Chile with seashells, seascapes, and nautical artifacts. While many poets seek solitude to write, Neruda seemed to thrive on social interaction. His Memoirs describe friendships with famous figures like Pablo Picasso, Garcia Lorca, Gandhi, Mao Tse-tung, and Fidel Castro. Nerudas infamous love affairs were tangled and often overlapping. In 1930 the Spanish-speaking Neruda married Marà ­a Antonieta Hagenaar, an Indonesia-born Dutch woman who spoke no Spanish. Their only child, a daughter, died at age 9 from hydrocephalus. Soon after marrying Hagenaar, Neruda began an affair with Delia del Carril, a painter from Argentina, whom he eventually married. While in exile, he began a secret relationship with Matilde Urrutia, a Chilean singer with curly red hair. Urrutia became Nerudas third wife and inspired some of his most celebrated love poetry. In dedicating the 1959 Cien Sonetos de Amor (One Hundred Love Sonnets) to Urrutia, Neruda wrote, I made these sonnets out of wood; I gave them the sound of that opaque pure substance, and that is how they should reach your ears†¦Now that I have declared the foundations of my love, I surrender this century to you: wooden sonnets that rise only because you gave them life. The poems are some of his most popular- I crave your mouth, your voice, your hair, he writes in Sonnet XI; I love you as one loves certain obscure things, he writes in Sonnet XVII, secretly, between the shadow and the soul. Nerudas Death While the United States marks 9/11 as the anniversary of the 2001 terrorist attacks, this date has another significance in Chile. On September 11, 1973, soldiers surrounded Chiles presidential palace. Rather than surrender, President Salvador Allende shot himself. The anti-Communist coup dà ©tat, supported by the United States CIA, launched the brutal dictatorship of General Augusto Pinochet. Pablo Neruda planned to flee to Mexico, speak out against the Pinochet regime, and publish a large body of new work. The only weapons you will find in this place are words, he told soldiers who ransacked his home and dug up his garden in Isla Negra, Chile. However, on September 23, 1973, Neruda died in a Santiago medical clinic. In her memoirs, Matilde Urrutia said his final words were, They are shooting them! They are shooting them! The poet was 69. The official diagnosis was prostate cancer, but many Chileans believed that Neruda was murdered. In October 2017, forensic tests confirmed that Neruda did not die of cancer. Further tests are underway to identify toxins found in his body. Why Is Pablo Neruda Important? I have never thought of my life as divided between poetry and politics, Pablo Neruda said when he accepted his presidential candidacy from the Chilean Communist Party. He was a prolific writer whose works ranged from sensual love poems to historical epics. Hailed as a poet for the common man, Neruda believed that poetry should capture the human condition. In his essay  Toward an Impure Poetry, he equates the imperfect human condition with poetry, impure as the clothing we wear, or our bodies, soup-stained, soiled with our shameful behaviour, our wrinkles and vigils and dreams, observations and prophecies, declarations of loathing and love, idylls and beasts, the shocks of encounter, political loyalties, denials and doubts, affirmations and taxes. What kind of poetry should we seek? Verse that is steeped in sweat and in smoke, smelling of the lilies and urine. Neruda won many awards, including an International Peace Prize (1950), a Stalin Peace Prize (1953), a Lenin Peace Prize (1953), and a Nobel Prize for Literature (1971). However, some critics have attacked Neruda for his Stalinist rhetoric and his unrestrained, often militant, writings. He was called a bourgeois imperialist and a great bad poet. In their announcement, the Nobel committee said theyd given the award to a contentious author who is not only debated but for many is also debatable. In his book The Western Canon, literary critic Harold Bloom named Neruda one of the most significant writers in Western culture, placing him alongside literary giants like Shakespeare, Tolstoy, and Virginia Woolf. All paths lead to the same goal, Neruda declared in his Nobel Lecture: to convey to others what we are. And we must pass through solitude and difficulty, isolation and silence in order to reach forth to the enchanted place where we can dance our clumsy dance and sing our sorrowful song.... Recommended Reading Neruda wrote in Spanish, and English translations of his work are hotly debated. Some translations aspire for literal meaning while others strive to capture nuances. Thirty-six translators, including Martin Espada, Jane Hirshfield, W. S. Merwin, and Mark Strand, contributed to The Poetry of Pablo Neruda compiled by literary critic Ilan Stavans. The volume has 600 poems representing the scope of Nerudas career, along with notes on the poets life and critical commentary. Several poems are presented in both Spanish and English. The Poetry of Pablo Neruda edited by Ilan Stavans, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005Listen to Neruda read Las Alturas de Machu Picchu from Canto GeneralHow the Library of Congress Helped Get Pablo Nerudas Poetry Translated into English by Peter Armenti, LOC July 31, 2015Canto General, 50th Anniversary Edition, by Pablo Neruda (trans. Jack Schmitt), University of California Press, 2000Worlds End (English and Spanish Edition) by Pablo Neruda (trans. William ODaly), Copper Canyon Press; 2009Pablo Neruda: A Passion for Life by Adam Feinstein, 2004Memoirs by Pablo Neruda (trans. Hardie St. Martin), 2001The poets own reflections on his life, from student years to the coup dà ©tat dà ©tat that toppled Chiles government just days before Nerudas death.The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages by Harold BloomMy Life with Pablo Neruda (Mi vida junto a Pablo Neruda) by Matilde Urrutia (trans. Alexandria Giardino), 2004Pablo Nerudas widow reveals details about the poet in her memoir. Al though not lyrically written, the book became a best-seller in Chile. For ages 6 to 9, Pablo Neruda: Poet of the People by Monica Brown (illus. Julie Paschkis), Holt, 2011 Sources: Memoirs by Pablo Neruda (trans. Hardie St. Martin), Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001; The Nobel Prize in Literature 1971 at Nobelprize.org; Biography of Pablo Neruda, The Chile Cultural Society; Worlds End by Pablo Neruda by Richard Rayner, Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2009; How did Chilean poet Pablo Neruda die? Experts open new probe, Associated Press, Miami Herald, February 24, 2016; Pablo Neruda Nobel Lecture Towards the Splendid City at Nobelprize.org [accessed March 5, 2017]

Effective expository essay writing guide

Effective expository essay writing guide Expository essay If you want to create a good expository essay, you should follow the clear manual. Indeed, the definitions of the expository essay are rather ambiguous, and   students experience some difficulties with the successful completing of the task. Some of them confuse this task with the explanatory essay, but it is totally wrong approach since these assignments are different. We assure you that the following manual will become your effective assistant in the process of expository essay writing. Indeed, the expository essay writing implies using facts instead of opinions. The expository essay topics can be various; however, you should concentrate your attention purely on the facts rather than on your personal opinion. There is no place for reflection; you have to analyze the statistics, the existing views, and relevant arguments. It seems that this task is quite boring; however, it aims to discuss a particular topic to the smallest details. To get the best grades, you have to use only the relevant facts and opinions. All the evidence of the false information will help you to fail your grade. As you may understand, expository essays require only thorough work with the reputed and peer-reviewed sources. Such type of academic writing does not allow using the first person. Describing a certain process of activity, you have to choose the second person only. Such an essay, like many other types of essays, should follow the classic structure. It should include the introduction, the main body, and the conclusion. The introduction will briefly describe your topic. You should familiarize your reader with the problems discussed in your essay. Also, do not forget about a clear thesis statement. It is a controversial idea that will be proved throughout your essay with the help of the various arguments. Expository essay writing requires dividing your essay into several paragraphs according to the main ideas discussed in your essay. Each paragraph should start with a clear topic sentence that will be followed by the statistical, logical and factual analysis. Be creative! Even if you do not have to use the metaphorical language or personal opinions, try to impress your professor by the creative approach. You can include some interesting fact or unbelievable statistics to demonstrate that the topic is interesting to you. Exclude the obvious things. There is no need to fill your essay with the generally known information; your instructor expects to learn something new and interesting. Apply the rules mentioned above when writing your essay and your piece of writing will become a true example of expository essay writing art. Proofread your essay at the end of the writing process, because no matter how creative your content is, the numerous grammar mistakes will spoil your reputation. We assure you that all your classmates will use your expository essay as the source of inspiration. Expository Essay: Guidelines on Structure Is there any specific approach to writing an excellent expository essay? The most efficient method is to adhere to a standard type of five paragraphs in the text. Consequently, the whole paper will comprise approximately from 500 to 800 words. This typical standard for a test implies a proper length of writing accompanied with excellent ideas that will bring you to success. What are the five paragraphs? Introductory paragraph Body (paragraph 1) Body (paragraph 2) Body (paragraph 3) Conclusion Writing an outline is the best approach to starting an expository essay. Take into consideration all the factors before scribbling down the first line. Mention the first aspect and give a concise description, then go on to the next one, add the third and then conclude your ideas. Introductory Paragraph Your  thesis statement should be included here to summarize the main points and present the key argument coherently. Double check if all the guideless are met after you have written this sentence of major importance. Body (Three Paragraphs) Remember that transitions between the body paragraphs are as important as your presented ideas. The canvas of your essay is complete only is the threats of transitions make it stick together. The ideas should unfold logically and be presented clearly. Besides, it should be easy for the readers to follow the statements without any extra explanations. It is challenging to be consistent in writing without a well-written outline. It is the body that contains all the main ideas. The best method of working on the paper is limiting your paragraphs with one presented idea only. Present one, explain it thoroughly, and then resolve the problem going smoothly to the following one. As a result, what you get is a presentation of three ideas built up to the conclusion. Having presented any of your ideas, always make sure that they match the thesis statement. Any solid essay is based on the presented statistics and factual materials. You cannot just make the readers believe you if your opinion is not confirmed with facts, quotes from reliable sources, or numbers from articles. If your task is to work on an expository essay, it is frequently given as a spontaneous assignment in class. In that case, it is clear that you have no access to any outside materials or research. What you have to do is to think about clear arguments and base them on the facts you know about. Conclusion A concluding paragraph is not merely a restatement of the already presented ideas and thesis. Instead, it is a summarization of the key arguments done properly to clarify all the points for sure.   It is also a good idea to make a conclusion somewhat personal or add either a call to action or a rhetorical question addressed to the readers. Free Expository Essay Custom Essays Service Our main goal is to provide college and university students with high-quality essays and professional assistance in custom writing. We are glad to be among the top rated essay writing companies globally. We employ essay writers who are not only highly qualified but also talented and experienced enough to deal with all kinds of topics regardless of how complex they are. Our team of writers is comprised of individuals who are highly educated with postgraduate degrees, like PhD, Doctorate and Master’s degrees. The quality of our student essays is really exceptional; we deliver papers which meet the expectations of your tutors in all aspects. 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Platos Aristocracy and Tyranny Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Platos Aristocracy and Tyranny - Term Paper Example Aristocracy generally refers to a form of government that belongs to combined nobility, hereditary ruling, landed gentry, and a superior group which often thought to be ruled by the best. 1 In the context of The Republic, the ideal state itself Plato called is "aristocracy" (aristos, "best," and krateà ®n, "to rule"), ruled by the best and the guiding principle of this state is the reason of the philosophers (Ross, 2005). It embodies the wisdom of philosopher-kings [Aristocracy†¦] Plato’s affinity for aristocracy may be initially traced from Plato’s family background.   Plato is known to be a son of a wealthy influential Athenian couple who were highly prominent in the aristocratic circle. His articulation on the details of his ideal Aristocracy is definitely influenced not only by the status of his parents but also of himself who was raised and grew in the aristocratic environment. Another factor that may have contributed to Plato’s affinity towards aris tocracy is following the execution of Socrates which took place while a democratic form of government was in place at Athens.   Kreis cited that:Socrates was charged for impiety. Although Socrates was neither a heretic nor an agnostic, there was prejudice against him. Socrates managed to provoke hostility among Athenians and eventually, they executed him.   Socrates execution has devastated Plato, his prime student. Further added, Socrates wrote nothing himself. It was through the writings of his closest friends, Xenophon and Plato that people learned about him.

Managment accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managment accounting - Essay Example The profit should be higher than the cost of production. There is increased desire by companies to know the behaviour of factors that drive to different cost .In increasingly competitive business environment organizations seeking to maintain or improve their competitiveness need cost information that is relevant and accurate. This system is based on cost modelling that traces an organization expenses both direct and indirect (Thukaram, 2007, p. 171). The activity based costing is fashionable because it has the advantage of advanced technology to the management of an organization. Hence; organizations are automating what previously had been manual jobs. The primary reason for the shift is also due to the different channels of distributing the variety of products and services, in addition the organization has been servicing different types of customers (Nolan, 2004, p. 17).Hence sufficient information can be obtained to make decisions about the profitability of different product lines. It also helps the organizations provide value added services or â€Å"top-ups† to existing products on actual cost incurred basis thus creating efficiency. The introduction of this greater variation and diversity creates complexity and increasing complexity results in greater overhead expenses. The fact that this expense overhead in recurring the labour expense does not mean that the organization is becoming inefficient, is means that the company is offering variety to different customers (Humphrey, 2007, p. 100).It traces indirect cost also called overhead to products, customers and services by identifying resource and their cost, the consumption of this resources by activities and performance of activities to produce output. Thus eliminating unprofitable items from the product line, thereby increasing profitability without increasing prices, a

The Life of Shirley Chisholm Essay Example for Free

The Life of Shirley Chisholm Essay Shirley Chisholm was a â€Å"Rough Rider† straight out of the gate. Her mother said at 3 years old, she was bossing kids 3 and 4 years older than her. To know Shirley Chisholm, is to know that she was small in stature but, she had a lot of tenacity. Due to the economic situation in the United States her parents could not afford a good education, so they sent Shirley and her sisters back to Barbados to live with their maternal grandmother, for about 7 years. Her education in the strict, British-style schools of Barbados, she credits with her ease with speaking and writing. After attending those schools, when she returned to the states, she was several years ahead of her peers. She started her work career as a Director of a day nursery on the Lower East Side of Manhattan. This experience gave her an acute awareness of her social surroundings. She saw first-hand how minorities were in substandard  housing, inadequate schools, subjected to drugs and police brutality and no basic civil rights. This was when she determined that bad government had a connection to the fate of these minorities. She joined the Bedford-Stuyvesant Political League and gained lots of experience and political insight. She helped her neighbors to register to vote, unemployed to get jobs, students to get scholarships and fought with the league for 10 years and gained lots of respect and connections. Feeling like she could help and having a little experience she ran and won as the first African-American Assemblywoman for New York. Shirley sought the basic civil rights for all minorities and for those rights, she waged a battle in the political arena that was seldom seen. Shirley’s rearing In Barbados Shirley was born during the depression and spent her first seven years in Barbados. Her Grandmother, Mrs. Emily Seale would be the one raising them. As tough as Shirley was, she didn’t know the day she laid eyes on Mrs. Emily Seale that she had met her match. Shirley learned at an early age, not even to question her grandmother’s authority. They lived on a small farm in a small village with their grandmother. The farm had plenty of animals, goats, pigs, chickens, etc. and the farm also had a well. The children’s chores included feeding the animals and making sure they never got out and there was always water for the drinking, cooking and washing. The water from the well had to be taken bucket by bucket. Truly this is where her worth ethics were born. Her grandmother had no favorites; every one on the farm had to do work. School was just as important to her grandmother and to all the people of Barbados. Barbados had the highest literacy rate in the Caribbean, it was 94 percent. She found out that the teachers and parents were definitely in agreement when it came to a child’s education. The teachers were free to whip the children and they did not spare the rod. If you told your parents, the parents whipped you again. Shirley got her distribution of whippings and she agreed this made her a better student. Today, scientist would argue that this maybe bad for children. But in Barbados the discipline of a child was as natural as the air they breathe. Shirley realized later on in life that her success in writing and speaking  stem direct from her early education in Barbados. Retuning to Brooklyn After the paradise of the islands, Shirley and her sisters moved back to Brooklyn with her parents when she was ten years old. Her parents had another daughter, now it was four girls to be taken care of. Her father was having trouble making end meet. His new job would only give him part-time hours. Their family could not exist off of his salary along, so Shirley’s mother went to work a domestic worker. Shirley was the oldest, so she got the latch key. They were told to stay in the house and not to open the door for no one until their mother got home. Finally her father began to work full-time and he was promoted to supervisor at his job. Shirley’s mom quit working her domestic job; but she would always be a seamstress. While leaving in Brooklyn Shirley and her family lived in the worst tenement apartments and what we now call ghettos. One apartment they lived in was so cold, that during the winter, they just closed off one room and all the sisters slept in one bedroom. Shirley was affected by the cold for the rest of her life after that experience. They did move to another apartment in the Bedford-Stuyvesant. He father became a janitor and the apartment was free. The High School she attended was all women mostly white, but the neighborhood was predominately black. Shirley parent keep a tight rein on their girls. In fact she never had a regular date in high school or college. She had good study habits and a high IQ, which garnered a few scholarships in schools out of town, but her parents could not afford the room and board. Shirley would attend Brooklyn City College. At this point Shirley knew very well what it meant to be poor and do without this is when she felt a small inkling to change things. Shirley gets an Intro to Politics in College Shirley was a very good student in high school and she got several scholarships. She got offers to go to Vassar and Oberlin Colleges, but her parents could not afford room and board. Shirley ultimately attended Brooklyn College in the fall of 1942. Tuition was free as long as you had  89 percent average. The college consisted of about 60 black students during the day. Brooklyn College had a lot of activities. A lot of the clubs and activities were politically oriented. She had already decided to become a teacher. At that time, it was so expensive to go into law, medicine or even nursing. Black men were have problems being admitted to those kinds of schools, a black women did not even have a chance. While in College she joined all black student group, called the Harriet Tubman society. This was her first time hearing people, beside her father, talk about blacks being oppressed, racism, and current society’s views on African Americans. While in college she gained a lot of confidence in herself. Many of her peers and teachers saw a lot of potential in her and they pushed her to do better. One of her professors really took an interest in her and she would have long talks with him. He saw what a good debater she was and how passionate she was, when she spoke about politics and he encouraged her to think about politics and a career. Shirley said to him â€Å"Proffy,† you forget two things. I’m black and I’m a woman.† ( Unbought and Unbossed 26) She knew at that time those were her biggest obstacles and in time she would over come them both. Time for Shirley to Stop watching and get in the Mix Shirley started visiting New York’s City’s clubhouses. These clubs would advise poor people on legal matters, for their backing later when it came to voting. It was an unspoken exchange, I’ll do you a favorite, and when voting season is around you do me a favor. These clubs usually were organized by state Assembly districts. The assemblyman was represented by both parties. But the majority of the clubs were Democratic. Shirley was very vocal while attending the clubs. She would ask the leaders of various department, why their voters in the black areas concerns were not being addressed. She was beginning to see that she was going to have to be the one to change things in her neighborhood. Her hairdresser introduced to Wesley McD. Holder. He was a rebel and had been fighting for black political justice since 1930’s. He was in his seventies, but very astute in the political arena. Also he was very well known. Mac, as she called him, showed blacks that even if their neighborhood was 99 percent black, they  would not get black representation. Shirley and her neighbors saw Mac hard-working politics pay off, when his group backed Clarence Wilson a Negro, who became magistrate in Brooklyn. Shirley joined the Seventeenth Assembly District Democratic Club as a cigar box decorator. Shirley canvassed with the club and they succeeded in electing the first black judge in Brooklyn history. Shirley eventually ran against Mac and lost, and that severed their relationship for 10years. Shirley moved on formed the Unity Democratic Club in 1960. This group wanted to push out the old white machine politicians and put some new fresh black representation in the Seventeenth District. Shirley the Assemblywoman The Unity Democratic club lost in 1961, but had gained 42 percent of the vote for the candidate they backed. In 1963 they backed Tom Jones and he won as assemblyman but he only served one term. Jones was an attorney and he wanted to be a judge, but this would leave his assemblyman’s seat open. Shirley quickly ceased the opportunity. This was during the civil rights movements and there was rebellion all over the city and the nation for that matter. Running during the civil rights movement gave her national notoriety. African-Americans were very scarce in government at that time, especially a woman. But they were interested in their political representation in government. African-Americans as a people were beginning to vote and some were still fighting in the south for the opportunity to vote. African-Americans were finally opening up their eyes to how government representation affected their every day lives. Although in her own group there was opposition to her running because she was a woman. There were a lot of men even African-American men, who thought that a woman really had no place in politics. This is when she decided to not let the fact that she was black and a woman deny her the office she wanted. The Civil Rights bill was signed in 1964 and Shirley won for assemblywoman that same year. When Shirley went to Albany, it was a group of eight, six black assemblymen and two state senators, the largest number by far in history. She was the only African-American woman, but not the first woman. Harlem had previously been represented by Mrs. Bessie Buchanan ten years  earlier. Shirley was very happy to win as the first African assemblywoman, but it hurt her badly that her father did not live to see it. Shirley and her father were very close and they both could relate to politics he understood how important it was for African-Americans to have representation in government. As an assemblywomen, Shirley proposed a bill to provide state aide day-care centers. Shirley had worked in them and she new first had that parent could barely feed their child and they need assistance with car e for their children. Also she voted to increase funding for schools on a per pupil basis and the SEEK program designed to get more black and Puerto Rican students into the City University. She had worked in the school system and she understood how important and necessary an education was to the children her district. The reason she felt like she was successful in life was because of her early education Barbados. She supported abortion-law reform, unemployment insurance for domestic workers. Shirley mom had worked as a domestic worker, she was aware of how much they needed someone to fight for them as women and workers. She also fought for the restriction of weapons’ use by policemen. She had good record in Albany and the people in her district knew she was a fighter and stood up to the bosses in government. One night, while she was home reading, a group of women came to her home and asked her to run for Congress. These women were on welfare and had collected $9.62 cent to donate to her campaign. She was so touched; she decided that night to run for Congress. This race was not going to be easy she had established some enemies during her term as assemblywoman. She did not drink and was not very social with the men, not even African-American men. She could not be persuaded and she refused to vote along party lines. Shirley message was â€Å"unbossed and unbought† therefore she was elected by the people and worked on their behalf. by the political and her main interest was for the people. Shirley the Congresswoman Shirley ran against a very strong candidate. His name was James Farmer and he was the founding director of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). He was a freedom rider in the early 1960’s he demonstrated for equal accommodations at bus terminal in public transportation. He was also a good speaker and a rebel in his own right. Shirley had one thing going for her, she had lived and worked in Brooklyn for 20 years and Farmer was an outsider. Shirley  called all her friends and connections and she asked her old friend Mac to be her campaign manger. She campaigned day and night. She went to neighboring districts. Because she had one secret weapon and that was, she knew there were thirteen thousand more women registered voters than men in her new district. Shirley would use this to her advantage. She had tea parties and functions to see what these women wanted and how she could accommodate them when she got in office. To her surprise she found out that they wanted the same things African-Americans and most minorities wanted. The were tired of being treated like second class citizens and they wanted basic civil rights even though they were women. They wanted equal pay for equal work and they also wanted more responsibility, and not just secretarial positions. They felt they were smart enough to work in politics and also work in other professional mostly dominated by men. Shirley let them know that when she was in office she would fight for their causes. During the campaign, Shirley did get sick and had to have a serious operation. She was bedridden for three weeks. Against her doctors and her husband’s advice she went out and campaigned with a lot of enthusiasm. â€Å"It paid off. On November 5, 1968, Shirley Chisholm won more than twice as many votes as Farmer-35, 239 to his 13,615†. (Hicks 74) Shirley fights for our basic Civil Rights After Shirley got in congress she had another fight on her hands. They thought because she was a woman they could just put her on a committee and close her mouth. Little did they know that dynamite comes in small packages. â€Å"Shirley Chisholm said she would not be a slave to the congressional seniority system. She would speak her mind and say what she felt was best for the voters of her district and for black people in general.† (Nicks 77) I’m sure this did not go over well with the Congress. They assigned her to the Agriculture Subcommittee on Forestry and Rural Villages. When the appointment was announced Shirley said â€Å"The Speaker of the House told me to be a good soldier.’ I told him, that’s why this country is the way it is today. Everybody’s being a good soldier instead of fighting for what is right.†(Nicks 80) She did not take this very well and asked for reassignment. Shirley was assigned to the Veterans Affairs  Committee. She quickly went to work on investigations into treatment of black servicemen. She fought the system for a lot of people and this made her and enemy in the House. She hired and all woman staff and also fought for the equal rights of minorities and women. She told congress â€Å"As in the field of equal rights for blacks, Spanish-Americans, the Indians, and other groups, laws will not change such deep-seated problems overnight. But they can be used to provide protection for those who are most abused, and begin the process of evolutionary change by compelling the insensitive majority to re-examine its unconscious attitudes.† (Nicks 85). Shirley’s views in 1969 were definitely a reflection of the civil rights movement going on during that time. Martin Luther King, Jrs opinion would have been very similar to that of Shirley’s. Shirley’s work in Congress reflected the Civil Rights Movement Shirley came into Congress like a maverick, swinging from every direction. Truly she made a name for her self with her maiden speech. In her maiden speech â€Å"she said she planned to vote against all money bills for the military or for defense until more was done about poverty at home, and the old politicians shuddered and snickered. You’re committing political suicide, â€Å"the told her to her face. I’ve been told I’ve been committing political suicide for fifteen years,† was her answer. I’ve been told that for so long that as a result I have risen to the top. I don’t choose to play by your rules. (Hicks 79) Her first hurdle was reassignment from the Agriculture committee, she felt like she would do no good in that capacity. Shirley then asked for assignment to another committee (which was a first) and was assigned to the Veteran’s Affairs Committee. While on the Veterans Committee she help fight for a lot of the causes of discrimination among black servicemen was young children, and there education. She spoke up for equal- rights for women because she knew firsthand the discrimination against women. â€Å"In 1969, hers was a strong voice for legislation to grant women equal rights. The Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution was finally passed in 1970†. (Hicks 83) She backed state funding for day-care facilities. She fought for unemployment insurance for domestic workers. Shirley’s Bid for the President She eventually ran for the President in of the United States in 1972 and got 152 electoral votes. Shirley knew she would not win, but her objective was for the politicians in Washington take a minority or a woman seriously. She wanted African-American, minorities, poor and women to see that, even though the odds are stacked against you not to give up. She believed that the civil rights movement proved the point, in which the government belonged to the people and they should take an active part in it. She did this by her actions. She said if I’m a little one hundred pound black women and I can run for President, then you have a voice in our governmental process. She understood very well how under represented African-American were in the political process, as she stated, â€Å"Black representatives, says, have as their constituency all black people, not just those of their districts (Hicks 82) Conclusion She championed the cause for civil rights and women’s rights at a time when it was not popular. Shirley set the stage for a sleuth of African-Americans, minorities and women to run for political office. Jessie Jackson, Geraldine Ferraro, Barbara Jordan and Carolyn Mosley-Braun are examples of her influence. Shirley saw how civil rights movement was waking everyone one up to the injustices of our society. She used her power in congress to open the door for many women and minorities. Shirley Chisholm was a woman ahead of her time she was an eloquent and inspiring speaker and she backed up her words with action!!! See her in action for your self. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzM8fgRDI24 Listed Work Cited Chisholm, Shirley, Ubought and Unbossed, Houghton Mifflin Company Boston, 1970 Hicks, Nancy, The Honorable Shirley Chisholm Congresswoman from Brooklyn, Lion Books, New York, 1971 Chisholm, Shirley, The Good Fight, Harper Row Publishers, Inc. 1973 Duckett, Alfred, Changing of the Guard, The new breed of Black Politicians, Longsmans Canada Limited, Toronto, 1972 Le Veness, Frank P. Sweeney, Jane P, Women Leaders in Contemporary U.S. Politics, Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, CO 1987 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FzM8fgRDI24

Fertilizers :: essays research papers

Fertilizers are substances added to the soil sprayed on leaves of plants to help them grow better or in some cases faster. Plants need twenty essentail elements to help them grow. Plants make carbohydrates. A plant needs nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur, and magnesium the most to grow healthy. Most soils naturally contain enough trace elements for field crops, but such elements must be added when certain fruits and vegetable plants are grown. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are the top three elements needed in plant growth. Legumes are plants which absorb nitrogen gas from the air and bring the gas to the ground. Legumes are planted over with other crops and those plants get the required amount of nitrogen and grow healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two kinds of fertilizers. There is organic and inorganic. Organic fertilizers are bonemeal, fishmeal, blood, and farmyard manuer. Inorganic manuer is Nitrogen, potassium or any other element necessary in the aid of plant growth. If one accidently digests inorganic fertilizer, he or she must see a doctor as soon as possible. One can get red eyes, itchiness, and or stomach problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During World War 2, the government built many factories to absorb nitrogen gas from the air and to use them in explosives. Soon after the war, these factories were used to absorb nitrogen gas and to be used as a fertilizer. This method was inexpensive and farmers were now actually making a profit. By 1985, farmers used approximately eleven million tons of nitrogen a year. This is eight times more than what farmers used in 1950.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most widely used fertilizer is pure ammonia. It is kept in liquid form under pressure in steel tanks. Three solid nitrogen fertilizers are ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium phosphate. Two common phosphorus fertilizers are superphosphate and triple superphosphate. Phosphorous fertilizer is made by treating phosphate rock with sulfuric acid. Potassium sulfate and potassium nitrate are used on crops that are harmed by chlorides.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term straight fertilizer stands for any material that supplies one of the three principal macronutrients. The three macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Mixed fertilizers are fertilizers that supply more than one macronutrient. This information is neccesary to one who is intrested in purchasing fertilizer. The fertilizer companies or manufacturers basically list every package or container with three numbers. For example a package that says 4-16-18, contains 4 percent nitrogen, 16 percent phosphoric oxide, and 18 percent potassium oxide.

Mine Accident

The Sago Mine Accident in January, 2006, left the world wondering how things were so bungled.   Communication in the incident was almost as large a disaster as the mine explosion itself. Many questions still hound the company and the families of those who died. If the mine had been cited for numerous safety violations, why was it not shut down until those were repaired?   Why had the safety violations not been address by company, union or mine safety officials? Reports indicate it was nearly an hour and half after the explosion before rescue crews were brought in. Why?   Furthermore, when rescue workers began to receive information about the fate of the trapped miners, why was the information released to the families and the news media before it could be verified. While there was nothing the company could do to change the fate of the miners, being told they were alive and then learning that they had died, except for one survivor, demoralized the nation and the families, compounding the tragedy. The question remains why did the company not have better emergency communication procedures in place and why, once rescue workers were in place, were facts no verified before being released to the waiting families? At first glance, it appears that simple communication preparation could have helped the entire incident to be handled more smoothly.   If the union, the company and mine safety officials had better documented the infractions and the response to those refractions, they would have been spared the negative attention from the national media. If the company had had a designated procedure for dealing with crisis communications it might better have been able to reach rescue workers and get them to the mine sooner. The timing of the incident contributed to the communications errors because people were on vacation and the mine had to find other ways to communicate with mine safety officials. Finally, the communication problems during the mine rescue could have been avoided if all information were channeled through one person and then distributed accordingly.